| Resistors | Components that resist the flow of electric current, used to control voltage and current. | Voltage dividers, LED circuits, audio applications. | Tolerance, power rating, temperature coefficient. |
| Capacitors | Components that store electrical energy temporarily, used for filtering and buffering. | Power supplies, signal coupling, timing circuits. | Capacitance value, voltage rating, size. |
| Inductors | Components that store energy in a magnetic field, used to resist changes in current. | RF applications, filters, transformers. | Inductance, DC resistance, core material. |
| Microcontrollers | Small computing devices that can control other components based on programming. | Automated control systems, robotics, consumer electronics. | Processing power, memory, input/output options. |
| Diodes | Semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction only. | Rectifiers, signal demodulation, clamping circuits. | Maximum forward current, reverse voltage, switching speed. |